Table 2 |
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Summary of recent in vitro experiments carried out with CNTs |
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Type of CNT |
System |
Summary results |
Reference |
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SWCNTs (HiPco), (CNI Inc.). Ø: 0.4–1.2 nm L: 1–3 μm |
Lung hamster fibroblasts (V79) |
Cytotoxicity (time and dose dependent) DNA breakage (comet assay) No significant enhancement of micronuclei |
[62] |
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SWCNTs (50% SWCNT, about 40% other nanotubes). Ø: 1.1 nm, L: 0.5–100 μm |
BEAS 2B human bronchial epithelial cells |
Dose-dependent decrease in cell viability. Dose-dependent DNA damage. No formation of micronuclei |
[63] |
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SWCNTs (NIST) Ø: 1.4 nm, L:2–5 μm |
Normal human mesothelial cells and human mesothelioma cell line |
Cell death. DNA lesions Stress response activation |
[44] |
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SWCNTs. Folate conjugated. Ø: 1–3 nm, L: 100 – 200 nm |
HepG2 cells (express folate receptor) |
No toxicity if < 50 μg/ml. Dose-dependent apoptosis. Kinetics of SWCNT internalisation: Mb → cytoplasm → extracellular |
[64] |
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SWCNTs (HiPco) |
Human lung epithelial cells A549 and immortalised NHBE |
Decreased inflammatory response in TNF alpha-stimulated cells |
[65] |
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SWCNTs Mitsui & Co., Ltd Size unspecified |
Human aortic endothelial cells |
Internalisation: CNTs identified in the cytoplasm. Cytotoxicity. IL-8 release. Actin filament and Ecadherin disruption. Reduced tubule formation. |
[66] |
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SWCNTs |
Mouse embryo fibroblasts |
Low cytotoxicity. DNA damage (comet assay) Oxidative stress |
[67] |
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MWCNTs. Ø: 67 nm |
Mouse macrophages (J774.1). |
No MAPKs activation; no apoptosis. Interaction with membrane receptors (MARCO) and plasma membrane destruction |
[54] |
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MWCNTs. Ø:11.3 nm L:0.7 μm |
Human epithelial cells (MCF-7) |
Chromosomal aberrations (micronuclei) showing chromosome breakage and loss of whole chromosomes |
[61] |
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MWCNTs (C100, Arkema). Ø: 12 nm, L: 0.1–13 μm |
Human epithelial (A549) and Large T SV40 transformed mesothelial (Met-5A) cells |
Decrease in cell viability (mitochondrial alteration) without apoptosis. No oxidative stress. No MWCNT internalisation |
[46] |
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MWCNTs grinded, unheated, heated to 600°C, 2400°C; 2400°C then grinded. Ø: 20–50 nm; L: 0.7 ± 0.07 μm |
Rat lung epithelial cells. |
Chromosomal aberrations (micronuclei) Lower effects with 2400°C sample in comparison to 600°C and unheated |
[57] |
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MWCNTs. Ø: 100–200 nm, L:a few μm |
Human epithelial cells (A549) |
DNA breakage (comets). No oxidative DNA lesions |
[68] |
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MWCNTs (Tsinghua & Nananfeng, Cine) |
Mouse embryonic cells (ES) |
P53 activation. Induction of DNA repair. Mutations (adenine phosphoribosyl transferase) |
[69] |
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MWCNTs Mitsui & Co., Ltd Size unspecified |
Human aortic endothelial cells |
Cytotoxicity. IL-8 release. Actin filament and Ecadherin disruption. Reduced tubule formation. |
[66] |
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MWCNTs |
Human pneumocytes A549 |
Decrease in cell viability Internalisation |
[70] |
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Jaurand et al. Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2009 6:16 doi:10.1186/1743-8977-6-16 |
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